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Of neoliberalism

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


The ideas were originally encompassed economic neoliberalism are referred to as background after the Second World War in a region of Europe and North America pursuant to initiative F. Hayek's Mont Pelerin Society (1947). The so-called liberalism, do not come into practice, but until 1979 occupied the Government M. Thatcher in England and in 1980 R. Reagan in North America.

Neoliberalism are as substantial quid "laissez faire, laissez passer" French for "let do, let go," referring to a complete reduction of the state and prevalence market, the same as those embodied in: the reduction of fiscal deficit, exchange rate adjustments, trade liberalization, liberalization of foreign investment, privatization, deregulation, labor flexibility, interest rate liberalization, among others.

hegemony of neoliberal thought was so strong that in the 90's of last century F. Fukuyama said that "human history as a struggle of ideologies is over, with a final world based on liberal democracy that has finally imposed after the end of the Cold War." However, short-sighted away from the successes of neoliberalism, which is expressed growth in Gross Domestic Product and inflation reduction, lies self-destruction of neoliberalism itself in the market. The economic crisis of October 2008, makes clear that the market regulates itself, which require support that only a strong state can provide. The dogma of "market centrism" has resulted in unemployment, underemployment, informality, exclusion, social polarization, the commodification of natural resources, among others.

As we observed the response to neo-liberalism is not uniform, some countries opt for a capitalist postneoliberalism, making some adjustments to the excesses of the market or perhaps choosing to return to Keynesian policies or welfare state, and others, however, opt for a social postneoliberalism what some have called "XI century socialism."

The type of economic model that happens to neoliberalism, has to do directly with the prototype of society we pretend, because that dimension is not only economic but political and economic. The post-neoliberal scenario must overcome the flaws of neoliberalism, and to achieve the humanization of society, the ethical imperative of the appreciation of human dignity, democratic institutions and full respect for human rights. Finally, the post-neoliberalism can not be tracing or copying, but respond to the needs and idiosyncrasies of each society.

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postneoliberalism Rethinking the economic model: a brief analysis about the election as Causal

"A successful design must go much further development of wealth accumulation and growth of gross national product and other variables related to income." Amartya SEN


By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar

structural adjustment policies of the so-called Washington Consensus that were implemented in Peru from the 90's, contained among others, reducing the fiscal deficit, exchange rate adjustments, liberalization trade and foreign investment, privatization, deregulation and flexibility, protection of property rights, liberalization of interest rates, etc.

The above economic model was not able to combine macro-economic prosperity with social welfare, as can be seen below: (i) in the last 10 years the GDP growth reached 60% and only in the last 5 years, 42.8%; (ii) exports increased from $ 12 616 million in 2005 to $ 35 042 million U.S. dollars in 2010, (iii) average inflation (percentage change) in the year 2009 reached 2.9%, (iv) is counted with 46 mil millones de dólares de reservas internacionales netas. Sin embargo: (i) la pobreza disminuyo 13,9% en 5 años (de 48.7% en el año 2005 a 34.8% en el 2010), la pobreza urbana en el año 2009 se encontraba en el 21,1% y la pobreza rural en 60.3%; (ii) la extrema pobreza disminuyo en 5 años, 5.6% (de 17.1% a 11.5%); (iii) el salario mínimo vital aumento en los últimos 5 años en S/. 50.00 nuevos soles (de S/. 550.00 a S/. 600.00 nuevos soles); (iv) la tasa de analfabetismo en el año 2007, es del 7.1%, siendo en el sector rural de 19.7%; entre otros.

Como podemos observar no existe una relación directamente proporcional entre los indicadores macroeconómicos and social indicators: indeed, it is evident that the less well with the current economic model is the rural sector. Customers also do not enjoy economic booms, are often confronted with a model that prioritizes the mining industry to support the development, over the agricultural or livestock production. Thus, of the 236 conflicts identified by the Ombudsman, 116 are of a socio-environmental.

Nor can we fail to mention the achievements of the model implemented, the same genre macroeconomic growth and deflation. However, an ethical business model should aim a proportional relationship between macroeconomic prosperity with social welfare, establishing policies that will enable inclusion and equity through social investment, to admit reduce illiteracy and improve access and quality of health services and education. Reducing levels of unemployment, underemployment and increasing the percentage of decent work.

The challenge for the new government is to improve the life they lead all Peruvians, the same as measured by social indicators and break with the outdated idea that development is synonymous with economic growth, or rather "understanding the economic growth not as an end in itself but as part of human development. "

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The Vacancy Nepotism

Julius Caesar Castiglioni


In recent weeks it has been seen that there are a number of requests for vacancies on the grounds of Nepotism, under the provisions of article 22 paragraph 8) of Law No. 27,972 Organic Law of Municipalities, so we will see some aspects of the subject.

Article 1 of Law N º 26771, Law establishes prohibition to exercise the power of appointment and recruitment in the public sector, in cases of kinship, states that the line officers and / or personal trusted entities and government departments making up the Sector National Public and State companies, which have power to appoint and hire staff, or have direct or indirect interference in the selection process are prohibited from exercising that power in your organization about their relatives to the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage. Extend the ban on non-personal service contracts.

Article 2 of Supreme Decree N º 021-2000-PCM, which approves the Regulations of the Law of Nepotism, provides in cases of kinship, states that set the act of nepotism, where the line officers and / or personal confidence of the Bank to exercise its power appointment and recruitment for relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage, or when officials described previously exercised direct or indirect interference in the appointment and recruitment.

be presumed, unless proved otherwise, that there is direct interference when the official management or trust that holds the relationship indicated is charged more than one who has the power to appoint or employ staff, within their institution. Understood by indirect interference is exercised by an official address and / or confidence not part of the entity in which recruitment was conducted or the appointment is, by reason of their duties, any interference in those taking or take the decision to hire or appoint the appropriate entity.

Meanwhile, Resolution No. 156-2007-JNE, in its fifth recital states that the acts of nepotism as a cause of vacancy in the office of mayor or council members are set out in article 22 inc. 8) of the Organic Law of Municipal Order No. 27972, legal provision is applied and interpreted in accordance with Law No. 26771 and its Regulations approved by Supreme Decree N º 021-2000-PCM amended by Supreme Decree N º 017-2002-PCM that regulate and developed. Under these rules on nepotism is the act whereby an officer management and / or trusted staff conformant entities and public sector departments and state companies, which have power to appoint and hire staff, or have direct or indirect interference in the selection process exercise such power of appointment and recruitment for relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage, that included in the first case, the family they have blood ties, as they are, parents, children, grandparents, siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren and brothers first, and in the second case, besides the spouse, -laws, brothers and grandparents of the spouse.

In addition, Resolution No. 009-2008-JNE, in its sixth paragraph states that, in this sense, policy makers, to be officials of apparent power in the councils, are embedded within the prohibition of hiring entity in respect of their relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage, then excluded from the scope of the "Law of nepotism, arguing on whether or not" line officers and / or personal confidence, "would contradict the essence of such a law, which in turn generate inequality the treatment of certain officials and dissatisfaction in the population and social demands of justice, a criterion that has been designated by the college of settled law.

turn Resolution No. 071-2008-JNE in the sixth paragraph states that according to Article 236 of the Civil Code, the blood relationship is a relationship existed between the descendants of one another or log common, determining the degree of kinship of a collateral line up of relatives down to the common trunk and then to the other, to respect it should be noted that the blood relationship was also established from a log common, it is necessary for civil purposes and the application of Law No. 26771 it is considered only in a straight line so that only take into account ascending and descending as parents, grandparents, great grandparents, grandparents and in turn, children, grandchildren, great grandchildren and great grandchildren, and this figure because it is recognized that the relationship side, that being so, it should be noted that although in the case resolved by Resolution No. 288-2005-JNE cited as case law is determined the nephew of the citizen in question was a relative by blood in the fifth grade, this does not mean that all the nephews belonging to the fifth degree of kinship as it is evident that children of the brothers, being nephews, are third-degree relatives, having warned the resolution to the family relationship was alluded to fifth grade, so it was not applicable to Law No. 26771 and in the seventh paragraph states that with these details and strictly applying the rules of the Civil Code and Law No. 26771 must be in this case the common core, constituting the first degree of consanguinity on Mr. Mayor, corresponding from them down to her niece granddaughter, to verify what is the degree of inbreeding that has this with the mayor vacated by the City Council, so things can be seen that the sister of Mayor is a relative in the second degree of consanguinity, being the son, his relative in third grade and both his children, fourth-degree relatives, which is credited to these kids that just closes the fourth degree of consanguinity referred, and therefore apply these standards.

As you can see the inside of nepotism are also involved the mayors and aldermen, according to the jurisprudence of the National Jury of Elections.

Thursday July 3, 2008

Guide On Pune To Coorg

By Humberto Campodonico


Public enterprises are of special importance in most Latin American countries. For example, in Colombia's oil production and export of ECOPETROL contributes significantly to foreign exchange earnings and tax revenues of the State. In addition, Ecopetrol is internationalized and recently bought a Peruvian oil, Petrotech, offshore Talara.

state is also important electrical ISA, based in Medellín, in Peru and Etesur Etecen bought state enterprises that handled all the transmission towers, but that were privatized in Toledo, in what has been one of the largest privatization failures as functioning like a little clock. In Brazil, Petrobras is key, has doubled oil production in 10 years. Now the country self-sufficient and not dependent on imported oil. It has investments in Africa, Asia and the U.S.. In Argentina is the second largest oil producer after Repsol and Peru has fields in Talara and Lot 57, near Camisea, which has found 1.7 tcf of natural gas. Both Petrobras and Ecopetrol are listed on the Stock Exchange and have a merit system election of its President, to preside a professional with a track-and honest. They also have an oversight committee of purchases, with the participation of civil society and business associations. With these two measures can prevent both the carve-up of positions of those who consider the state enterprises as a political spoils as "faenones" made in Peru.

state-owned Codelco in Chile is the first company in the world copper production costs are equal to those of private enterprises. Exports in 2010 was U.S. $ 16.066 million and payments to the Treasury of $ 6.069 million (Report 2010), including U.S. $ 1.271 million for its armed forces. Thus, Codelco is efficient, generates foreign exchange and contributes taxes. What you think.

ENAP is also the state, which owns the only two refineries in Chile and is a tool to achieve a safe and reliable energy supply. When in 2004 Argentina 85% restricted gas exports to Chile, ENAP formed a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with British Gas and invested U.S. $ 1.050 million to build a regasification terminal where LNG ships now come from around the world. In addition, Peru owns 50% of taps Primax-the other 50% is the Grupo Romero. This purchase occurred in Toledo, explicitly denying Petroperú involved in the operation.

So, right here! Archaic still said that public enterprises are synonymous with backwardness, why cling to in Article 60 of the 1993 Constitution established the principle of subsidiarity State's business. That is not part of the U.S. Constitution or even any European country or not, either, of course, no country in the region. A Petroperú to "look" Petrobras, Ecopetrol and Codelco could easily participate in a PPP with private companies to start, and the Andean pipeline construction with reserves of Block 88. All have south-to-energy gas industries (the Brazilian market is next), for cars in cities and interprovincial transport for the petrochemical Ilo. Anyway. The right not to public companies in these sectors so that everything is for the private sector. It has no national strategic interests as only think about the year-end earnings. It is in this context that move, happy, foreign companies.

course, if the state court will not scratch the national development, why would we? XXI Century public companies are the guarantee of energy supply, which means to be repealed-by anachronistic and anti-Art 60 of the Constitution Fujimori-Yoshiyama. It's time.

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"It is time gay civil union? or "equal marriage?: proposals that emerge intolerance

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar

The proposal matches PP politicians to defend civil unions and gay marriage legal FS with equal rights, intolerance reactions have generated the most conservative sectors of the country and has highlighted the weaknesses of what should be a secular state and secular.

We can not deny that our globalized societies are in a time of change of thinking, customs, usages, and even traditions. In societies as conservative as the English (between 73 and 80% is Catholic) is common to see outside a church for two persons of the same sex holding hands without creating a low reaction amazement of passersby. Currently

countries where gay marriage is legal in all of its territory are: the Netherlands (since 2001), Belgium (since 2003), Spain (since 2005), Canada (since 2005), South Africa (since 2006), Norway (from 2009), Sweden (since 2009), Portugal (since 2010), Iceland (since 2010), Argentina (since 2010), in the United States allowed in the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, Washington, DC and in Mexico in the state of Mexico, DF Several of these companies are in fact a strong tradition of Catholic and some Protestant dogmatic traditions.

is clear that in our case, we with a conservative sector reactions based on orthodox positions that try to cover up a reality that is obvious, ignoring the existence of homosexual couples, that justice requires social inclusion and recognition of their civil rights. But at the same time, it is questionable conduct of some members of the GLBT community to fall into provocations and respond to inappropriate acts (such as kissing homophobia) do not contribute to the debate.

Although the differences between gay marriage and civil unions are so subtle and will depend on what the legislature to regulate, I think it is necessary to deepen the discussion. Some sectors believe that the very name of the union civilian is per se discriminatory. Particularly, I think we should look gay marriage or equal from the perspective of human rights to equality before the law for all citizens or the right of access to marriage, as have several courts in different latitudes of the world. How painful is that no one has delved into dialectical debate is imposed then why have only existed reactions, intolerance and lack of seriousness in addressing this issue.

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Insurgency, Globalization and Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


The world could not imagine that the gerontodictadura that had been consolidated in the Middle East and North Africa which is going to collapse better "Domino effect." The insurgency began with the sacrifice of Mohamed Buazizi against arbitrary power, no one could imagine the overthrow of former Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, after 24 years in power. Globalization and the feeling against the dictatorship genre that Egyptian people stand up and huge demonstrations being convened on January 28 "Friday the anger and freedom" where protests are consolidated, until February 11 Hosni Mubarak, then 30 years, delivers power to the Head of the Supreme Military Council. Protests have been manifested in different countries, but the "day of anger in Libya" suggests that the next would overthrow Muammar Gaddafi who has 42 years as "brotherly Libyan leader."

Clearly, in this case that globalization has strengthened the insurgency against autocratic governments, not only for the so-called "domino effect", but because it has been exporting subliminally, with all its imperfections, a form of government from the West whose main features are the alternation of power, human rights and the exercise of public liberties.

We can see, by the discourses and images of the protest, resistance and insurgency against the dictatorship and the economic crisis. However, in cultures where tradition is autocracy, given that most cases have been ruled by dictatorships in different variables, it is difficult to speak of democratic transitions.

On the other hand, we can not say that democracies are perfect and that is the way forward or the prototype of government that we impose on all mankind. We realize that democracy is imperfect but perfectible, that Western and Westernized countries is the least worst form of government, there are different types of democracy, and that under the principle of sovereignty of peoples, the different states Middle East and North Africa should choose the course or the model of government to consolidate.

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Some thoughts on the subject of congressional elections

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


As published in the last Latinobarometro only 14% of Peruvians has confidence in Congress, occupying last place in Latin America, below Nicaragua, Guatemala and Ecuador. If we start to rehearse a response to this unfortunate perception of support for an institution of great significance for the proper functioning of democracy, we can affirm, under the premise that "institutions are made by people," it is in the quality of the legislators who represent us. Obviously we can not generalize, there are congressmen who have served their duties diligently, but minor offenses (suspension) and low (excesses) converted scandals have filled the front pages of the press and television and radio publishers.

The supreme law in Article 90, has established that to be a Congressman only requires three conditions (i) be Peruvian by birth, (ii) be at least 25 years, and (iii) have the right to vote. Determining the Rules of the Congress, Article 2, that the Congress is the representative body of the nation, responsible for carrying out legislative functions of political control and the other established by the Constitution of the State. Ie our congressmen represent mainly perform functions, regulation, control and inter alia, appoint officials and approve the national budget and the general account.

As noted, prima face, it seems that there is no reason for consistency between the requirements that are required to be a congressman and the roles they play. Generating proposals exist to rethink the requirements for being elected to Congress. However, we must remember that in democratic states to vote those barriers were disappearing to achieve as part of the conquest of universal suffrage rights (active and passive), hence, that the vote based on census, in which they voted or were elected, only men who meet certain requirements of educational attainment, income and social class, is anachronistic and undemocratic.

therefore believe that the problem of the quality of the congress is not in the requirements for candidates, but in the absence of responsible political parties and solids that contribute to the "training" and "choice" in Tables The van has to represent, and most importantly, a true civic consciousness that allows the voter to be informed and choose Peruvian according to their criterion of consciousness, or the best candidates.

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What is the point of democracy?

"With democracy come with democracy education, democracy will cure."

Raul Ricardo Alfonsin

Former President of Argentina

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar

Stop and think about the usefulness of democracy could be a dialectical abstraction work, hard and for some idle. However, I think it's worth doing in a society where there is still a major public sector agnostic and indifferent to the benefits that democracy brings.

If we review the Latinobarómetro 2010, see only 61% of Latin Americans prefer democracy to any other form of government, a considerable 15% prefer an authoritarian government, 16% gives the same an authoritarian or a democratic one and 7% have no opinion whatsoever. These percentages of public perception we generate several readings. One of them, there is a sector that can not see the concept and form of democratic government, so do not know or no opinion, when consulted on the preferred form of government for them. For the other sector indifferent to democracy, they feel that government decisions will not affect them at all, or worse, that whatever form of government conditions Social not vary. In contrast to the sector it is preferable to an authoritarian government to democratic front perceive that democracy has not solved the main problems and probably a government that concentrates power can do, commonly heard "you need to solve tough the problems. "

The Barometer of the Americas, another instrument that measures the people's perception, indicates that in Peru, support for democracy has declined relative to the survey conducted in 2008, that year was support for democracy of 65.5% and in 2010 was reduced to 60.1%. This decline may be due to the inefficiency of those who govern the country to solve the problems of poverty, malnutrition, insecurity, unemployment and acts of frivolity and corruption to which we are accustomed to the ruling class.

The responsibility of supporting democracy to grow and strengthen, or quasi percentage reaches majority and Uruguay, 86.2% support for democracy, is mainly in charge who have been conducting various levels of government , to make people understand that democracy is imperfect but perfectible.

In a democracy we have the great opportunity to elect our leaders, supervise them, to express ourselves freely, to question what seems questionable, to protest against to abuse, compared with unmet demands and what is more important to uphold human rights. We must show that a strong democracy and solid, can lead us to a just, equitable and inclusive, with rights, freedoms and dignity for all its citizens, so we can paraphrase Churchill "Democracy may have problems, but it is best system of government. "

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Electronic voting: a need or a threat

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


Last October 21 was published in the newspaper El Peruano Law No. 29603 Act authorizing the ONPE issuing regulations for the gradual and progressive implementation of electronic voting. Approval of that rule has generated different reactions from those who take a stand for those who have some doubts but consider it necessary and who confess that is a threat to the popular will.

When one reviews the doctrine, you can verify that there is no single type of electronic voting, at least we know the following types: i) the electronic voting system of paper; ii) the system of direct recording electronic voting iii) the DRE electronic voting system utility, and iv) the electronic voting system online. Each of these systems have their own advantages and disadvantages, mainly concerned with transparency, oversight software and time they are issued the results of the vote.

It is apparent from the information presented to us by ONPE the system to be implemented gradually, is the system of direct recording electronic voting, the characteristics of electronic voting module are: i) the hardware components are connected them, or the network of networks (internet), ie there is independence between computers (stand-alone). Likewise, software that is used to check the identity of the voter register and vote count are independent modules without any relationship between them, and ii) The voting module is made up four (04) voting booths and can handle up to 1,200 electors (300 electors voting booth.)

Clearly this electronic voting system gives us speed in the scrutiny and counting of votes, reducing the number of polling stations and polling and medium term to reduce the costs that every election or referendum. However, we generated the risks of possible flaws or weaknesses in any electronic component, and the challenges of counting with officials of political organizations with knowledge of computer and software control systems.

Some have shown too, that electronic voting is an open door electoral fraud, not realizing that with or without electronic voting, there is always the possibility of altering the truth. That those who act with fraudulent and deceitful conduct, in any system, whether traditional or electronic, can commit fraud, and that on the contrary, a good electronic voting system (Software), can mitigate the arbitrariness and spaces for the scheme.

Finally, it is necessary to show that at the end of the first decade of XXI century the rulers and the ruled can not resist the changes in technology, however we must seize it for all human activities, and best, to be used in democratic processes, as they have done at different levels countries of Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay and Argentina.

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Green Left: reflections from the municipal elections

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


Historically has been the color red has found matches left and center left-see the symbolism of the German Social Democratic Party, the Workers Party of Brazil, Mexican Labour Party, among others, without However, the Partido Social Force Descentralista converges to leftist political organizations and center-left has been used as a color that forms its political meaning to green. Beyond

irrelevant may be to use particular color on the command supports a political organization, we must reflect on the message we want to give those who have chosen to use a friendly color, that gives up the traditional post-I think-a message of democratic openness, freshness ideological , consensus and tolerance to their constituents.

One of the great weaknesses of the Peruvian left has been its high degree of ideological orthodoxy, which has been divided first between "Muscovites" and "Peking" to be subdivided, at some point in over a fortnight left parties and center-left.

We must remember that after the election as mayor of Lima in 1983 Alfonzo Lingán Barrantes, there was the possibility of convergence of parties and movements of left and center left with success or success at the polls, on the contrary, the segmentation of the left made them very representative, together political violence that led to terrorist movements, generated to the left in general are not representative and have little electoral role.

Force Descentralista Social Party led by Susana Villa provides an electoral phenomenon that in less than 15 days voceada moves to the candidate as the likely winner of the elections (Lourdes Flores). Probably, few voted by their ideological perspective, perhaps some did for the great charisma of its women leaders, or the context and political situation. Indeed, whatever the nature of the possible victory of Susana Villaran, it did fly their flags of justice and social inclusion and achieving a more equitable Lima, with an obvious option for the less fortunate.

Could it be, the formula used by Susana Villar, the left of the fresh and modern twenty-first century are reinventing themselves, they are rethinking their ideological values, which treat globalization, have rejected the theory of the end of history Fukuyama, the end of ideology " y que dentro de una estructura económica capitalista basada en la propiedad privada de los medios de producción aspiran a lograr una sociedad democrática que tenga como ejes centrales la defensa de la libertad, la igualdad de oportunidades, la superación de la pobreza, la protección de los más vulnerables y el ejercicio práctico de una moral solidaria, como lo viene afirmando el Partido Descentralista Fuerza Social.

Quizás, para las izquierdas más ortodoxas que propugnan la socialización de los medios de producción, la postura ideológica que representa Fuerza Social no sea más que una quimera ó una nueva forma de neoliberalismo que pretende reinventar el capitalismo para darle un nuevo aspecto human. In short, we believe that no one has the ultimate truth and that the ideological debate is certainly endless.

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Cambio de cuerpo

Muda in Arthropods and ecdisozoos
ecdisozoos In other arthropods and there is a continuous outer cuticle or exoskeleton that moves at once, a phenomenon known as ecdysis specific. Molting is stimulated by ecdysone. In the collaborative process, apparently calls Inka cells. The period between each molt is called stage. The animal first enters a rest period prior to moulting. When it emerges, the new cuticle is soft and pale in color and the subject is called teneral. It may take a couple of hours to harden and acquire its normal color. The exoskeleton is named discarded exuviae. Some arthropods continue to mute throughout the life cycle, while others have a fixed number of seedlings, such as most insects, they also do not change in a state of imago (adult).
The exoskeleton of arthropods is a continuous cover called cuticle, which extends even at both ends of the digestive tract and respiratory tract or cavities, and is located above the epidermis (call them for that reason hypodermis) that is who the secret.

The thickness and hardness of the cuticle is not uniform throughout. On the contrary, appears to form hardened areas called sclerites.

The cuticle appears very often covered with setae (hairs) de diversa función, incluida la sensorial táctil.

Ecdisis

Ecdisis de una Cigarra.El esqueleto externo tiene una desventaja y es que, para poder crecer, el animal debe desprenderse de él. Lo hace en un proceso, controlado hormonalmente, de ecdisis o muda. La hipodermis secreta enzimas que ablandan y digieren en parte la capa más inferior de la cutícula (la endocutícula), provocando que el resto se desprenda. Inmediatamente comienza la secreción de una cutícula nueva, primero la exocutícula y luego, debajo de ella, la procutícula. Hasta que no se endurece esta nueva cubierta el animal está relativamente indefenso, con menos posibilidad de escapar o resistirse. Todo the process of molting is hormonally controlled, the ecdysone or "molting hormone is the hormone responsible for these changes occur. Stages or instars are called the successive stages of the animal's existence among dumb and mute. This feature is shared with some other arthropod phyla, nematodes and also have a cuticle and molt.

To view the full consultation process:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Cicada_molting_animated-2.gif

Source: wikipedia

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CONCERT BENEFITS ARC DE SANT MARTI 2010

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Hello!
Well, here are my design for such a spectacular event ...

Until next time!

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Awards '10 TRENDS

Yesterday, May 13, 2010, were held 1st Awards "Trends" to the fashion and design in a large Charity Gala, at the IVAM in Valencia.

Dinner served by the branch, use their profits to the Foundation ASPADIS.

Sponsors of the event and along with brands like Bulgari, Champagne MUM, IVAM, Bodegas Hispano Suiza, was Carolina Cot - Florists who was in charge of all floral arrgelo, which can see some samples.

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¿Como ven los animales? - El mito del color

vision is called the ability to interpret our environment with light rays reaching the eye. Vision or sense of sight is a major sensory capabilities of man and many animals. To be able
need the proper functioning of the visual system is composed of the eye, optic nerve and various brain structures.
The eye is the gateway for entering the light stimuli are transformed into electrical impulses through a specialized cells of the retina are the rods and cones.
now know with certainty that not all animals have the ability to distinguish colors, there are many who have a magnificent view, but all I see in black and white or in shades of gray there are others who differ only bulk of objects, others, can only perceive changes in light intensity, and finally, those who are totally blind. All of them, however, have managed to overcome these deficiencies during its evolution, successfully adapted to the conditions and changes in their environment without much difficulty. The best proof of this is that have survived over millions of years, until today

· mites: their sense of vision in general is very poor. Most of them are completely blind, no eyes, however, many respond to changes in light intensity due to certain areas that are thin and transparent on the surface dorsal de su cuerpo.
· Las abejas: en 1914 el investigador alemán Karl von Frisch, pudo comprobar que las abejas tienen un sentido de color especialmente desarrollado, siendo capaces de diferenciar tres colores complementarios, entre varias intensidades de gris: el amarillo, el verde-azul y el azul. El rojo no pueden verlo y fácilmente lo confunden con el negro; en cambio pueden ver el ultravioleta. Por eso es que son atraídas por las flores rojas porque en las flores casi nunca se presenta sólo el color rojo; las amapolas, por ejemplo, que atraen de manera especial a estos insectos, tienen también algo de azul en su composición, pero lo más importante es que reflejan los rayos ultravioleta, perfectamente visible to bees. They may also differentiate the yellow, orange and green. Can distinguish colors but its sensitivity starts in the range of ultraviolet and goes to orange. Some of them can not distinguish red from gray.
· Fish: color vision depends on the depth or the turbulence of the waters, the optical media is clearer (coral reefs, lakes and rivers clean) in which all colors are equally abundant or more " dark "and blue (deep water) or reddish-brown (muddy ponds and streams), are in this group, from monochromatic vision (color blind) and (dichromatic) in fish in troubled waters (trichromatic) on coral reef fish (tetracrómatas) in fish from fresh water crystal clear waters which collect in the ultraviolet.
· Frogs and Toads: Vision is the dominant sense in most amphibians can see colors and have a good view, something important for animals that depend on the quick flight to avoid its many predators.
· Starfish: see only light and darkness, through the "eye cups" filled with light-sensitive cells in the tip of each arm, you can see in many directions, waving their arms and can project their glasses eye out to see better. Other animals with eye glasses are marine worms, some mollusks such as limpets, crustaceans, copepods and larvae of marine animals.
· The eyes of the animals that live in the ocean depths have developed a single class of photoreceptors (rods), capable of responding to stimuli of low light intensity, lack of color vision.
· Turtles: have little hearing, are virtually silent, but to compensate, have good sense of smell, sharp vision and color perception almost as good as humans.
· Lizards: have movable eyelids and good vision during the day, although some can not distinguish colors.
· Snakes: most have relatively poor eyesight, with the exception of the arboreal snake of tropical forests that have excellent binocular vision to find prey among the branches of trees where the smell would be impossible to follow.
· Pigeons: can perceive more colors than a human because they have up to five different types of cones.
· Butterflies: have four different types of cones. You can see a wide range of colors.
· mantis shrimp: has at least 12 kinds of cells sensitive to color and is probably the animal that perceives color.
· Squirrels: have only two types of photosensitive cells, so we see fewer colors, also has only two different types of cones.
· Raccoons and salamanders: have not only have cones and rods in their eyes, so one can not perceive color, but only changes in light intensity: the world is a world of shadows where shadows less dark than under light and less dark, less light. His world is in grayscale.
· Octopuses: not see colors, plus rods, has only one type cone (need to distinguish at least two colors).
· The animals whose body shows opaque colors, dark and inconspicuous , as in most mammals except humans, generally have a very limited colors or see but not perceive the same so that human.
· nocturnal animals that live underground like cururo possess some cones in their retinas, their way of life mainly nocturnal reveals a world in black and white. Birds (owls), amphibians (toads), reptiles (gekos) and rodents.
· animals bearing bright bold colors and, in some or all structures in your body, like many birds, reptiles, fish, insects and some spiders are able to distinguish colors.
· Herbivores: is determined to be able to distinguish colors. Recent research shows that cattle, sheep and goats have dichromatic vision, with cone of maximum sensitivity to light yellow-green and blue-purple. Most of these species are a full range of two colors, usually the entire spectrum, from green to blue:
· Cattle widespread belief that the bull is furious with the red cape is not true; what is striking is the movement itself.
· The horse: some studies showed that it could distinguish red and blue gray, but that did not distinguish green from gray. In another study found that most horses could differentiate the gray red, blue, yellow and green, but a horse could not distinguish between yellow and green.
· Dogs: for many years it was believed that dogs see in black and white, or who were blind to color. However, scientific studies have determined that it is not. And in fact, capture the tones similar to humans, although a decrease in the ranges of red and green. Can distinguish blue from yellow, red or green, but can not distinguish red from green. They can see colors, but not as much as men because we only have two different types of cones. Some studies also claim that the dogs see the world brighter and less detail than we are, approximately six times less
· Cats: for many years, scientists believed that cats had only a monochrome vision, because they did not teach to distinguish some colors from other (rewarding them with food.) However, trained cats come long enough to distinguish some colors, and have been found cones sensitive to green and blue, not red. Giving time can distinguish red and blue and white together, but are probably much like the green, yellow and white, and red they see it as a dark gray

More information: http://www . monografias.com/trabajos48/vision-animales/vision-animales2.shtml

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30 anniversary of Aspar

Jorge Martinez Aspar celebrates its 30 anniversary in elite motorcycle, at an event with broad representation of culture, sport and Valencian institutions held at the Museum of Sciences Principe Felipe in the city of Valencia.

floral arrangements were Carolina Cot - Florists

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Mariquitas = Lucha biológica

Or use the ladybugs for pest control of aphids in small gardens.
The ladybug is perhaps the best known of all beneficial insects to humans. One of the most active predators. The ladybug, Hippodamia covergens, looking for food from dawn to dusk, being able to devour 40 to 50 aphids a day, but also feeds on a wide variety of insects and larvae. Do not eat plants but is exclusively carnivorous. Are more effective if they are released before the pest population is too large. Therefore, it is necessary to release them early and give them time to see a decrease in the level of infestation.
Ladybugs live about one year. Born between April and May and immediately begin to eat ladybugs insectos.A low temperatures fall dormant, and may give the impression of being dead. As you come into heat they become active.
After the latency period is necessary to sprinkle lightly with water before releasing them. If you have been locked for a long time, it is advisable to feed them before release. You can suministraseles a mixture of honey and bee pollen. Never shall be released within hours of heat or sun. It is necessary to keep them refrigerated until almost completely dark. Thus, the garden will begin to release an active pest from the day after its release. To prevent the lady beetles will fly, some of them sprayed a mixture of equal parts of water and soda before releasing them immediately, which will keep the wings attached at one or two days. To achieve optimum results, release some ladybugs every day around flowers, shrubs and trees and keep the rest of them in the refrigerator, preventing freezing. In large plots, scatter the ladybugs in the center and the largest patches of infestation. Ladybugs can be used successfully indoors, but must be released at night to avoid bright colors so be volando.Los of these animals have a very clear (not to cheer the sight, of course).

Colors Ladybug protect you from many predators because they indicate that they are facing a kind venenosa.Este same phenomenon aposematic called, can be seen in other animal species, such as the spotted salamander, skunk or wasp.
eating habits are taking advantage of the ladybug on behalf of the interests of human beings in what is known as biological control , which is simply to use these insects to significantly reduce the damage caused by pests affecting plants.
ladybug can find a wide variety of plant species, only depends on its location in one plant to the presence of their staple food, the aphids.
Certain birds, like the swallow, are immune to poison the ladybugs exude. Ladybugs can also fall into the trap some ladybugs araña.Incluso sometimes attacked by other ladybugs. In this sense, it is rare that the larvae of these insects to eat ladybird eggs when aphids are scarce.
Unlike many insects, the ladybug is viewed favorably. Has a reputation even bring good luck.

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Peonia significa 'veracidad'

family is a flower that has more than fifteen different species. A curious note in the language of flowers, the peony means 'truth'.

The peony is a perennial plant of an underground tuber that has thick roots fasciculate of succulent. One of the most noteworthy aspects of the flower stalk is impressive, reaching over one meter in length. The leaves that shelter the peony is subdivided into lacinia and are presented alternately. The fruit is a pod which contain a multitude of shiny black seeds.
As for the flower, it has five sepals and petals number varies between five and ten. Sometimes we find species with many more petals, ie more populated because of the appearance of double flowers.

Flowering occurs between the months from April to June and when grown this beautiful flower must be taken into account as usual multiplication and division is usually performed during the autumn season. The atmosphere more conducive to good growth is intermediate between the shadow and the sun. If we are in an area to the north, where temperatures are higher, will need to find more sunlight.
The terrain is more conducive to an excellent development is the clay and one that has some degree of moisture that stays fresh and good drainage. The soil should be watered at least twice during the week if we are in a very sunny area. So keep it from drying.

addition to the decoration and purely aesthetic use, the peony has long part time medical research. The heritage of Chinese medicine reached the West and many laboratories are experimenting with different qualities of this flower. Its properties include those of antitussive, sedative, anticonvulsant, gout, lax, laxative, emetic and antispasmodic.
was also used as a drug in ancient times, taking advantage from roots to seeds and, of course, the flower, its petals a frequent resulting in the preparation of infusions. Obviously, we should not regard the peony as a panacea in that their actions in the body have not been fully developed and is suspected of toxic elements that can lead vomiting, diarrhea and cramps even when the dosage is oral. However, there are natural preparations in gel form for topical level that can reduce varicose veins, heal wounds and relieve tired legs.

herbaceous Peonies disappear every winter and reappear in spring. They are easy to grow, very rustic and offer a unique bloom. The most common is lactiflora called "peony from China," exhibit a large number of varieties, each more attractive and different. The flowers are simple shapes, semi-double or double.

Peonies were associated for a long time, the Ranunculaceae family, but the genus Paeonia had many differences with the rest of this family and therefore in the fifties created a separate family, the Paeoniaceae. The phylogenetic classification places this family in the order of Saxifraga.

Source:

http://plantas.facilisimo.com/reportajes/flores/peonia-una-flor-asiatica_184167.html

and

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeoniaceae

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Avispones 2

Hidden in the secluded "pits" of Las Villuercas standing still maintains a huge trunk of an old chestnut centennial, makes us imagine the dimensions of which should have been a huge tree. This natural monument, probably be spared the sharp saw for not being profitable its sturdy trunk hollowed out by the passage of time, and scorched by a wild fire in all likelihood, ended his strength. Fortunately the roots of his worn trunk sap have retained enough to give life to the seedlings grown from the strain, and are now mature trees.

Stuck on the trunk, at a height four meters, sheltered from sun and rain, appears hung a nest of hornets feared called "Scooter crabro." It is the largest "wasp" Europe, related to wasps that tripled in size and ferocity, if they are in danger. They are usually very peaceful and do not usually bite unless they are attacked, but I can assure that their sting is very painful. Can bite or sting with its sting is not clear from the body, which can sting multiple times. They often live in the mountains, unlike most assiduous vulgar wasps to urban centers.
hunt all kinds of insects, but also feed on tree sap, sucking its bark, such as oak, ash, alder or ripe fruit falls to the ground. You can also become attached to hunting bees, which captures around or inside the hive. Bees feel defenseless against these fierce enemies, which can lead to the depletion and weaken a hive in a short time. With its powerful jaws to tear their prey apart the head from the trunk, richer in protein, which is transported to the nest to feed their larvae. When the weather is adverse and can not go hunting, the larvae released drops of food that serve as food for the adult hornets. The larvae is a repository of live food and in this way, the Hornets do not need to be reservations supplies such as bees or bumblebees.
Source: Jesus Alvarez Alvarez ( jalvarezje@gmail.com )