Ovulation White Chunky

Of neoliberalism

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


The ideas were originally encompassed economic neoliberalism are referred to as background after the Second World War in a region of Europe and North America pursuant to initiative F. Hayek's Mont Pelerin Society (1947). The so-called liberalism, do not come into practice, but until 1979 occupied the Government M. Thatcher in England and in 1980 R. Reagan in North America.

Neoliberalism are as substantial quid "laissez faire, laissez passer" French for "let do, let go," referring to a complete reduction of the state and prevalence market, the same as those embodied in: the reduction of fiscal deficit, exchange rate adjustments, trade liberalization, liberalization of foreign investment, privatization, deregulation, labor flexibility, interest rate liberalization, among others.

hegemony of neoliberal thought was so strong that in the 90's of last century F. Fukuyama said that "human history as a struggle of ideologies is over, with a final world based on liberal democracy that has finally imposed after the end of the Cold War." However, short-sighted away from the successes of neoliberalism, which is expressed growth in Gross Domestic Product and inflation reduction, lies self-destruction of neoliberalism itself in the market. The economic crisis of October 2008, makes clear that the market regulates itself, which require support that only a strong state can provide. The dogma of "market centrism" has resulted in unemployment, underemployment, informality, exclusion, social polarization, the commodification of natural resources, among others.

As we observed the response to neo-liberalism is not uniform, some countries opt for a capitalist postneoliberalism, making some adjustments to the excesses of the market or perhaps choosing to return to Keynesian policies or welfare state, and others, however, opt for a social postneoliberalism what some have called "XI century socialism."

The type of economic model that happens to neoliberalism, has to do directly with the prototype of society we pretend, because that dimension is not only economic but political and economic. The post-neoliberal scenario must overcome the flaws of neoliberalism, and to achieve the humanization of society, the ethical imperative of the appreciation of human dignity, democratic institutions and full respect for human rights. Finally, the post-neoliberalism can not be tracing or copying, but respond to the needs and idiosyncrasies of each society.

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postneoliberalism Rethinking the economic model: a brief analysis about the election as Causal

"A successful design must go much further development of wealth accumulation and growth of gross national product and other variables related to income." Amartya SEN


By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar

structural adjustment policies of the so-called Washington Consensus that were implemented in Peru from the 90's, contained among others, reducing the fiscal deficit, exchange rate adjustments, liberalization trade and foreign investment, privatization, deregulation and flexibility, protection of property rights, liberalization of interest rates, etc.

The above economic model was not able to combine macro-economic prosperity with social welfare, as can be seen below: (i) in the last 10 years the GDP growth reached 60% and only in the last 5 years, 42.8%; (ii) exports increased from $ 12 616 million in 2005 to $ 35 042 million U.S. dollars in 2010, (iii) average inflation (percentage change) in the year 2009 reached 2.9%, (iv) is counted with 46 mil millones de dólares de reservas internacionales netas. Sin embargo: (i) la pobreza disminuyo 13,9% en 5 años (de 48.7% en el año 2005 a 34.8% en el 2010), la pobreza urbana en el año 2009 se encontraba en el 21,1% y la pobreza rural en 60.3%; (ii) la extrema pobreza disminuyo en 5 años, 5.6% (de 17.1% a 11.5%); (iii) el salario mínimo vital aumento en los últimos 5 años en S/. 50.00 nuevos soles (de S/. 550.00 a S/. 600.00 nuevos soles); (iv) la tasa de analfabetismo en el año 2007, es del 7.1%, siendo en el sector rural de 19.7%; entre otros.

Como podemos observar no existe una relación directamente proporcional entre los indicadores macroeconómicos and social indicators: indeed, it is evident that the less well with the current economic model is the rural sector. Customers also do not enjoy economic booms, are often confronted with a model that prioritizes the mining industry to support the development, over the agricultural or livestock production. Thus, of the 236 conflicts identified by the Ombudsman, 116 are of a socio-environmental.

Nor can we fail to mention the achievements of the model implemented, the same genre macroeconomic growth and deflation. However, an ethical business model should aim a proportional relationship between macroeconomic prosperity with social welfare, establishing policies that will enable inclusion and equity through social investment, to admit reduce illiteracy and improve access and quality of health services and education. Reducing levels of unemployment, underemployment and increasing the percentage of decent work.

The challenge for the new government is to improve the life they lead all Peruvians, the same as measured by social indicators and break with the outdated idea that development is synonymous with economic growth, or rather "understanding the economic growth not as an end in itself but as part of human development. "

Does A Black Hat Go With Brown Boots?

The Vacancy Nepotism

Julius Caesar Castiglioni


In recent weeks it has been seen that there are a number of requests for vacancies on the grounds of Nepotism, under the provisions of article 22 paragraph 8) of Law No. 27,972 Organic Law of Municipalities, so we will see some aspects of the subject.

Article 1 of Law N º 26771, Law establishes prohibition to exercise the power of appointment and recruitment in the public sector, in cases of kinship, states that the line officers and / or personal trusted entities and government departments making up the Sector National Public and State companies, which have power to appoint and hire staff, or have direct or indirect interference in the selection process are prohibited from exercising that power in your organization about their relatives to the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage. Extend the ban on non-personal service contracts.

Article 2 of Supreme Decree N º 021-2000-PCM, which approves the Regulations of the Law of Nepotism, provides in cases of kinship, states that set the act of nepotism, where the line officers and / or personal confidence of the Bank to exercise its power appointment and recruitment for relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage, or when officials described previously exercised direct or indirect interference in the appointment and recruitment.

be presumed, unless proved otherwise, that there is direct interference when the official management or trust that holds the relationship indicated is charged more than one who has the power to appoint or employ staff, within their institution. Understood by indirect interference is exercised by an official address and / or confidence not part of the entity in which recruitment was conducted or the appointment is, by reason of their duties, any interference in those taking or take the decision to hire or appoint the appropriate entity.

Meanwhile, Resolution No. 156-2007-JNE, in its fifth recital states that the acts of nepotism as a cause of vacancy in the office of mayor or council members are set out in article 22 inc. 8) of the Organic Law of Municipal Order No. 27972, legal provision is applied and interpreted in accordance with Law No. 26771 and its Regulations approved by Supreme Decree N º 021-2000-PCM amended by Supreme Decree N º 017-2002-PCM that regulate and developed. Under these rules on nepotism is the act whereby an officer management and / or trusted staff conformant entities and public sector departments and state companies, which have power to appoint and hire staff, or have direct or indirect interference in the selection process exercise such power of appointment and recruitment for relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage, that included in the first case, the family they have blood ties, as they are, parents, children, grandparents, siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren and brothers first, and in the second case, besides the spouse, -laws, brothers and grandparents of the spouse.

In addition, Resolution No. 009-2008-JNE, in its sixth paragraph states that, in this sense, policy makers, to be officials of apparent power in the councils, are embedded within the prohibition of hiring entity in respect of their relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, affinity two by marriage, then excluded from the scope of the "Law of nepotism, arguing on whether or not" line officers and / or personal confidence, "would contradict the essence of such a law, which in turn generate inequality the treatment of certain officials and dissatisfaction in the population and social demands of justice, a criterion that has been designated by the college of settled law.

turn Resolution No. 071-2008-JNE in the sixth paragraph states that according to Article 236 of the Civil Code, the blood relationship is a relationship existed between the descendants of one another or log common, determining the degree of kinship of a collateral line up of relatives down to the common trunk and then to the other, to respect it should be noted that the blood relationship was also established from a log common, it is necessary for civil purposes and the application of Law No. 26771 it is considered only in a straight line so that only take into account ascending and descending as parents, grandparents, great grandparents, grandparents and in turn, children, grandchildren, great grandchildren and great grandchildren, and this figure because it is recognized that the relationship side, that being so, it should be noted that although in the case resolved by Resolution No. 288-2005-JNE cited as case law is determined the nephew of the citizen in question was a relative by blood in the fifth grade, this does not mean that all the nephews belonging to the fifth degree of kinship as it is evident that children of the brothers, being nephews, are third-degree relatives, having warned the resolution to the family relationship was alluded to fifth grade, so it was not applicable to Law No. 26771 and in the seventh paragraph states that with these details and strictly applying the rules of the Civil Code and Law No. 26771 must be in this case the common core, constituting the first degree of consanguinity on Mr. Mayor, corresponding from them down to her niece granddaughter, to verify what is the degree of inbreeding that has this with the mayor vacated by the City Council, so things can be seen that the sister of Mayor is a relative in the second degree of consanguinity, being the son, his relative in third grade and both his children, fourth-degree relatives, which is credited to these kids that just closes the fourth degree of consanguinity referred, and therefore apply these standards.

As you can see the inside of nepotism are also involved the mayors and aldermen, according to the jurisprudence of the National Jury of Elections.

Thursday July 3, 2008

Guide On Pune To Coorg

By Humberto Campodonico


Public enterprises are of special importance in most Latin American countries. For example, in Colombia's oil production and export of ECOPETROL contributes significantly to foreign exchange earnings and tax revenues of the State. In addition, Ecopetrol is internationalized and recently bought a Peruvian oil, Petrotech, offshore Talara.

state is also important electrical ISA, based in Medellín, in Peru and Etesur Etecen bought state enterprises that handled all the transmission towers, but that were privatized in Toledo, in what has been one of the largest privatization failures as functioning like a little clock. In Brazil, Petrobras is key, has doubled oil production in 10 years. Now the country self-sufficient and not dependent on imported oil. It has investments in Africa, Asia and the U.S.. In Argentina is the second largest oil producer after Repsol and Peru has fields in Talara and Lot 57, near Camisea, which has found 1.7 tcf of natural gas. Both Petrobras and Ecopetrol are listed on the Stock Exchange and have a merit system election of its President, to preside a professional with a track-and honest. They also have an oversight committee of purchases, with the participation of civil society and business associations. With these two measures can prevent both the carve-up of positions of those who consider the state enterprises as a political spoils as "faenones" made in Peru.

state-owned Codelco in Chile is the first company in the world copper production costs are equal to those of private enterprises. Exports in 2010 was U.S. $ 16.066 million and payments to the Treasury of $ 6.069 million (Report 2010), including U.S. $ 1.271 million for its armed forces. Thus, Codelco is efficient, generates foreign exchange and contributes taxes. What you think.

ENAP is also the state, which owns the only two refineries in Chile and is a tool to achieve a safe and reliable energy supply. When in 2004 Argentina 85% restricted gas exports to Chile, ENAP formed a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with British Gas and invested U.S. $ 1.050 million to build a regasification terminal where LNG ships now come from around the world. In addition, Peru owns 50% of taps Primax-the other 50% is the Grupo Romero. This purchase occurred in Toledo, explicitly denying Petroperú involved in the operation.

So, right here! Archaic still said that public enterprises are synonymous with backwardness, why cling to in Article 60 of the 1993 Constitution established the principle of subsidiarity State's business. That is not part of the U.S. Constitution or even any European country or not, either, of course, no country in the region. A Petroperú to "look" Petrobras, Ecopetrol and Codelco could easily participate in a PPP with private companies to start, and the Andean pipeline construction with reserves of Block 88. All have south-to-energy gas industries (the Brazilian market is next), for cars in cities and interprovincial transport for the petrochemical Ilo. Anyway. The right not to public companies in these sectors so that everything is for the private sector. It has no national strategic interests as only think about the year-end earnings. It is in this context that move, happy, foreign companies.

course, if the state court will not scratch the national development, why would we? XXI Century public companies are the guarantee of energy supply, which means to be repealed-by anachronistic and anti-Art 60 of the Constitution Fujimori-Yoshiyama. It's time.

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"It is time gay civil union? or "equal marriage?: proposals that emerge intolerance

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar

The proposal matches PP politicians to defend civil unions and gay marriage legal FS with equal rights, intolerance reactions have generated the most conservative sectors of the country and has highlighted the weaknesses of what should be a secular state and secular.

We can not deny that our globalized societies are in a time of change of thinking, customs, usages, and even traditions. In societies as conservative as the English (between 73 and 80% is Catholic) is common to see outside a church for two persons of the same sex holding hands without creating a low reaction amazement of passersby. Currently

countries where gay marriage is legal in all of its territory are: the Netherlands (since 2001), Belgium (since 2003), Spain (since 2005), Canada (since 2005), South Africa (since 2006), Norway (from 2009), Sweden (since 2009), Portugal (since 2010), Iceland (since 2010), Argentina (since 2010), in the United States allowed in the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, Washington, DC and in Mexico in the state of Mexico, DF Several of these companies are in fact a strong tradition of Catholic and some Protestant dogmatic traditions.

is clear that in our case, we with a conservative sector reactions based on orthodox positions that try to cover up a reality that is obvious, ignoring the existence of homosexual couples, that justice requires social inclusion and recognition of their civil rights. But at the same time, it is questionable conduct of some members of the GLBT community to fall into provocations and respond to inappropriate acts (such as kissing homophobia) do not contribute to the debate.

Although the differences between gay marriage and civil unions are so subtle and will depend on what the legislature to regulate, I think it is necessary to deepen the discussion. Some sectors believe that the very name of the union civilian is per se discriminatory. Particularly, I think we should look gay marriage or equal from the perspective of human rights to equality before the law for all citizens or the right of access to marriage, as have several courts in different latitudes of the world. How painful is that no one has delved into dialectical debate is imposed then why have only existed reactions, intolerance and lack of seriousness in addressing this issue.

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Insurgency, Globalization and Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


The world could not imagine that the gerontodictadura that had been consolidated in the Middle East and North Africa which is going to collapse better "Domino effect." The insurgency began with the sacrifice of Mohamed Buazizi against arbitrary power, no one could imagine the overthrow of former Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, after 24 years in power. Globalization and the feeling against the dictatorship genre that Egyptian people stand up and huge demonstrations being convened on January 28 "Friday the anger and freedom" where protests are consolidated, until February 11 Hosni Mubarak, then 30 years, delivers power to the Head of the Supreme Military Council. Protests have been manifested in different countries, but the "day of anger in Libya" suggests that the next would overthrow Muammar Gaddafi who has 42 years as "brotherly Libyan leader."

Clearly, in this case that globalization has strengthened the insurgency against autocratic governments, not only for the so-called "domino effect", but because it has been exporting subliminally, with all its imperfections, a form of government from the West whose main features are the alternation of power, human rights and the exercise of public liberties.

We can see, by the discourses and images of the protest, resistance and insurgency against the dictatorship and the economic crisis. However, in cultures where tradition is autocracy, given that most cases have been ruled by dictatorships in different variables, it is difficult to speak of democratic transitions.

On the other hand, we can not say that democracies are perfect and that is the way forward or the prototype of government that we impose on all mankind. We realize that democracy is imperfect but perfectible, that Western and Westernized countries is the least worst form of government, there are different types of democracy, and that under the principle of sovereignty of peoples, the different states Middle East and North Africa should choose the course or the model of government to consolidate.

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Some thoughts on the subject of congressional elections

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar


As published in the last Latinobarometro only 14% of Peruvians has confidence in Congress, occupying last place in Latin America, below Nicaragua, Guatemala and Ecuador. If we start to rehearse a response to this unfortunate perception of support for an institution of great significance for the proper functioning of democracy, we can affirm, under the premise that "institutions are made by people," it is in the quality of the legislators who represent us. Obviously we can not generalize, there are congressmen who have served their duties diligently, but minor offenses (suspension) and low (excesses) converted scandals have filled the front pages of the press and television and radio publishers.

The supreme law in Article 90, has established that to be a Congressman only requires three conditions (i) be Peruvian by birth, (ii) be at least 25 years, and (iii) have the right to vote. Determining the Rules of the Congress, Article 2, that the Congress is the representative body of the nation, responsible for carrying out legislative functions of political control and the other established by the Constitution of the State. Ie our congressmen represent mainly perform functions, regulation, control and inter alia, appoint officials and approve the national budget and the general account.

As noted, prima face, it seems that there is no reason for consistency between the requirements that are required to be a congressman and the roles they play. Generating proposals exist to rethink the requirements for being elected to Congress. However, we must remember that in democratic states to vote those barriers were disappearing to achieve as part of the conquest of universal suffrage rights (active and passive), hence, that the vote based on census, in which they voted or were elected, only men who meet certain requirements of educational attainment, income and social class, is anachronistic and undemocratic.

therefore believe that the problem of the quality of the congress is not in the requirements for candidates, but in the absence of responsible political parties and solids that contribute to the "training" and "choice" in Tables The van has to represent, and most importantly, a true civic consciousness that allows the voter to be informed and choose Peruvian according to their criterion of consciousness, or the best candidates.

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What is the point of democracy?

"With democracy come with democracy education, democracy will cure."

Raul Ricardo Alfonsin

Former President of Argentina

By: Omar J. Candia Aguilar

Stop and think about the usefulness of democracy could be a dialectical abstraction work, hard and for some idle. However, I think it's worth doing in a society where there is still a major public sector agnostic and indifferent to the benefits that democracy brings.

If we review the Latinobarómetro 2010, see only 61% of Latin Americans prefer democracy to any other form of government, a considerable 15% prefer an authoritarian government, 16% gives the same an authoritarian or a democratic one and 7% have no opinion whatsoever. These percentages of public perception we generate several readings. One of them, there is a sector that can not see the concept and form of democratic government, so do not know or no opinion, when consulted on the preferred form of government for them. For the other sector indifferent to democracy, they feel that government decisions will not affect them at all, or worse, that whatever form of government conditions Social not vary. In contrast to the sector it is preferable to an authoritarian government to democratic front perceive that democracy has not solved the main problems and probably a government that concentrates power can do, commonly heard "you need to solve tough the problems. "

The Barometer of the Americas, another instrument that measures the people's perception, indicates that in Peru, support for democracy has declined relative to the survey conducted in 2008, that year was support for democracy of 65.5% and in 2010 was reduced to 60.1%. This decline may be due to the inefficiency of those who govern the country to solve the problems of poverty, malnutrition, insecurity, unemployment and acts of frivolity and corruption to which we are accustomed to the ruling class.

The responsibility of supporting democracy to grow and strengthen, or quasi percentage reaches majority and Uruguay, 86.2% support for democracy, is mainly in charge who have been conducting various levels of government , to make people understand that democracy is imperfect but perfectible.

In a democracy we have the great opportunity to elect our leaders, supervise them, to express ourselves freely, to question what seems questionable, to protest against to abuse, compared with unmet demands and what is more important to uphold human rights. We must show that a strong democracy and solid, can lead us to a just, equitable and inclusive, with rights, freedoms and dignity for all its citizens, so we can paraphrase Churchill "Democracy may have problems, but it is best system of government. "